* Recognize opioid mechanisms in pain modulation at supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral levels.
* Identify the pivotal role of Mesencephalic Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) in supraspinal opioid analgesia.
* Analyze the clinical implications of opioid-induced disinhibition of the medullospinal tract.
* Explore the effects of opioids at spinal levels, encompassing calcium channel modulation, neurotransmitter release, and hyperpolarization.
*Recognize direct opioid effects on peripheral pain thresholds.
Mobeen Syed is the CEO of DrBeen Corp, a modern online medical education marketplace. Mobeen is a medical doctor and a software engineer. He graduated from the prestigious King Edward Medical University Lahore. He has been teaching medicine since 1994. Mobeen is also a software engineer and engineering leader. In this role, Mobeen has run teams consisting of hundreds of engineers and millions of dollars of budgets. Mobeen loves music, teaching, and doing business. He lives in Cupertino CA.