* Recognize opioid mechanisms in pain modulation at supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral levels.
* Identify the pivotal role of Mesencephalic Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) in supraspinal opioid analgesia.
* Analyze the clinical implications of opioid-induced disinhibition of the medullospinal tract.
* Explore the effects of opioids at spinal levels, encompassing calcium channel modulation, neurotransmitter release, and hyperpolarization.
*Recognize direct opioid effects on peripheral pain thresholds.