Nervous system examination is crucial to identifying a type of lesion, its location, and its extent. Lower limb reflexes are an important part of this examination especially in a patient in coma. Dr. Mobeen discusses the foundations of lower limb examination in this webinar. Next part will present the clinical utility and lesion assessment based on the abnormal reflexes e.g. positive Babinski's sign (plantar reflex), or hyperreflexia vs. hyporeflexia etc.

Following topics are discussed:

• Neurology examination. How to differentiate between upper and lower motor neuron lesions?
• What is the difference between an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron?
• Overview of the corticospinal tract or pyramidal tract.
• What are spinal reflexes?
• What is a reflex arc?
• Components of a reflex arc.
• What is the role of the upper motor neurons in the spinal reflexes?

Next part will discuss the clinical correlation of the spinal reflex abnormalities.

Nervous system examination is crucial to identifying the type of lesion, its location, and its extent. Lower limb reflexes are an important part of this examination especially in a patient in coma. Dr. Mobeen discusses the foundations of lower limb examination in this webinar. Next part will present the clinical utility and lesion assessment based on the abnormal reflexes e.g. positive Babinski's sign (plantar reflex), or hyperreflexia vs. hyporeflexia etc.

This second part of the webinar discusses the following topics:

• Cause of hyperreflexia in a patient of upper motor neuron lesion.
• Cause of hypertonia in a patient of upper motor neuron lesion.
• Dysinhibition of the lower centers.
• Clonus
• When does atonia and flacidity occur?
• When will we see fasciculation and twitching in the muscle?
• When will we see muscle wasting?
• Denervation degeneration.
• Difference between the lower motor and upper motor neuron lesion.
• What is plantar reflex or babinski's sign?
• Role of the S1 spinal segment in plantar reflex.
• What does involvement of the L4 and L5 spinal segments do to plantar reflex?
• When is Babinski's sign is positive?
• What is tripe reflex in the lower limb?
• What does involvement of the L2 and L3 spinal segments do to the plantar reflex?

Following topics are discussed in the previous part:

• Neurology examination. How to differentiate between upper and lower motor neuron lesions?
• What is the difference between an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron?
• Overview of the corticospinal tract or pyramidal tract.
• What are spinal reflexes?
• What is a reflex arc?
• Components of a reflex arc.
• What is the role of the upper motor neurons in the spinal reflexes?

This discussion covers:

• The classification of strokes 
• The common etiologies of ischemic stroke
• Pathophysiology of ischemic stroke 
• The clinical management of the ischemic strokes

Dr. Syed starts the series about the peripheral nerve disorders with this foundational lecture. In this lecture Dr. Syed presents: Structure of a neuron Structure and composition of a peripheral nerve 6 principle categories of the nerve pathology 6 medical terms to depict nerve disorders 6 causative agents of the nerve disorders

Dr. Syed presents Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS/WED) Following topics are discussed: *Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)/Willis Ekbom Disease (WED) *Periodic Limb Movement of Sleep (PLMS) *Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) *DSM-5 Criteria *Etiology *Pathophysiology *Treatment

In this lecture Dr. Abdullah presents the following topics:

1.    Definition of Febrile seizure 
2.    Causes and Risk factors 
3.    Types
4.    Simple vs Complex Febrile seizure
5.    Clinical presentation 
6.    Treatment 

Dr. Ahmed Zaafran gives an overview of epilepsy, its diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of basic clinical pathologies related to seizures.

In this lecture Dr. Crawford presents the definition of coma, the most common etiologies, and uses a case to highlight clinical management strategies.

Case

A 73 year-old female is transferred to the hospital from her nursing home after being found unresponsive. 

Topics

• Definition of coma
• Anatomy of awareness
• Three broad categories of coma etiologies
• Brief review of the pathophysiology of comatose states
• Initital evaluation
• Diagnosis
• Management

Recording of the live webinar by Dr. Mobeen in the series of neurological examination of a patient in coma. This video presents glasgow coma scale.

This is the second part of the neurological examination.
Definition of Stupor and Coma
We will discuss the immediate management approach of a comatose patient.
We will discuss Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Notes

• Every hospital (at least in the US) has their own guidelines towards the assessment, labeling, and the management approach of the patients that may have neurological disorders especially in an acute state.
• Make sure that you consult your hospital’s guidelines and approaches towards the assessment and management protocols.
• Your hospital’s guidelines will supersede the approaches discussed here. The information in this lecture is for educational purpose only.

Presentation is here

Dr. Syed presents Myyasthenia Gravis. Clinical vignette Presentation Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Differential Contraindicated medications for myasthenia patients

Dr. Syed discusses clinical aspects of the Bell's Palsy. Facial nerve circuit. Upper motor vs. lower motor neuron lesions in the context of the Bell's palsy. Differential diagnosis. Differentiating between the stroke and Bell's Palsy Clinical Presentation Prognosis Treatment options

Presenter: Dr. Syed

Dr. Syed discusses the clinical aspects of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Topics covered are: 1. Definition. 2. Demography and Prevalence 3. Pathophysiology, the role of SOD1 gene mutation and Glutamate accumulation. 4. Clinical presentation. 5. Progression and prognosis 6. Treatment and support

Dr. Syed presents following topics about the trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) 1. Clinical presentation. 2. Pathophysiology. 3. Differential Diagnosis. 4. Medical Treatment. 5. Surgical Treatment.

In this webinar, Dr. Mobeen Syed discusses a critically important topic for the neurology students and providers. The sensory receptors in the skin. He discusses

• Mechanoreceptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Nociceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Electromagnetic receptors

The following concepts are discussed in detail:

• Differential sensitivity
• Modality
• Labeled line principle

These somatic sensory receptor types are presented:

• Free nerve endings
• Expanded tip receptors
  • Merkel's discs
  • Ruffini's corpuscles
• Hair receptors
• Meisner's corpuscles
• Pacinian corpuscles

The type of sensation and speed of transmission are discussed.
Receptor's operating model is discussed. The following concepts are presented:

• Tonic receptors and their operating model.
• Phasic receptors and their operating model.

Signal transduction is discussed. The model to relay the intensity of the sense is discussed as well.

Defeat Brain Fog With New Neurons | A Review of Neurogenesis for Long COVID

And, more sex for more neurons. Let's review the exciting science of neurogenesis.

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.

URL list from Thursday, Jun. 23 2022 

You can grow new brain cells. Here's how | Sandrine Thuret - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_tjKYvEziI

A hypothalamic boost for neurogenesis | Nature Reviews Neuroscience
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-022-00607-3

Robust adult neurogenesis in the primate hippocampus | Nature Neuroscience
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-022-01075-9

Hypothalamic modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice confers activity-dependent regulation of memory and anxiety-like behavior | Nature Neuroscience
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-022-01065-x

Single-nucleus sequencing finds no adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans | Nature Neuroscience
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-021-00991-6

Diet and depression: exploring the biological mechanisms of action | Molecular Psychiatry
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-020-00925-x

Stress and adolescent hippocampal neurogenesis: diet and exercise as cognitive modulators | Translational Psychiatry
https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201748

Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus | Nature Neuroscience
https://www.nature.com/articles/nn0399_266

Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus | Nature Neuroscience
https://www.nature.com/articles/nn0399_266

Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus | Nature Medicine
https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1198_1313

Professor Sandrine Thuret Dr. rer. nat. FHEA
https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/sandrine-thuret

Sandrine Thuret: How Can Adults Grow New Brain Cells? : NPR
https://www.npr.org/2021/03/05/973801760/sandrine-thuret-how-can-adults-grow-new-brain-cells

Hippocampus in health and disease: An overview
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3548359/

Frontiers | Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain | Cellular Neuroscience
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2020.576444/

Dementia - 12 Early Warning Signs

Sadly COVID has triggered a pandemic of cognitive decline and brain fog. Let's review the early signs of dementia.

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.

References URL list
Cognitive Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cognitive

Memory Loss & 10 Early Signs of Alzheimer’s | alz.org
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/10_signs

The 10 warning signs of dementia | Alzheimer Society of Canada
https://alzheimer.ca/en/about-dementia/do-i-have-dementia/10-warning-signs-dementia

What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis | National Institute on Aging
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-is-dementia

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) Awareness & Answers | Alector
https://www.learnftd.com/

Dementia - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352013

7 Early Warning Signs of Dementia You Shouldn’t Ignore
https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/health/info-2019/dementia-warning-signs.html

Exercise boosts protein that protects the brain against dementia, study finds - CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/10/health/exercise-brain-health-protein-study-wellness/index.html

Disinhibited behaviours | Dementia Australia
https://www.dementia.org.au/national/support-and-services/carers/behaviour-changes/disinhibited-behaviours

Caffeine and Autophagy To Reduce Fats in Liver

This study from Singapore demonstrates how Caffeine helps reduce lipid fats by autophagy. Let's review.

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.

URL list from Thursday, Aug. 4 2022

Caffeine stimulates hepatic lipid metabolism by the autophagy‐lysosomal pathway in mice - Sinha - 2014 - Hepatology - Wiley Online Library
https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26667

Impact of coffee on liver diseases: a systematic review - Saab - 2014 - Liver International - Wiley Online Library
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/liv.12304

Coffee: The magical bean for liver diseases - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5440772/

Oleic acid - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid

Lipid peroxidation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation

Lipid Oxidation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/lipid-oxidation

Sphingolipids general structures - Sphingolipid - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipid#/media/File:Sphingolipids_general_structures.png

The Emerging Roles of mTORC1 in Macromanaging Autophagy - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6826502/

ATG5 and ATG7 induced autophagy interplays with UPR via PERK signaling | Cell Communication and Signaling | Full Text
https://biosignaling.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12964-019-0353-3

The Beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131912/

Thomas Holland MD, MS is an Assistant Professor in the Section of Community and Nutritional Epi and the Division of Translational and Precision Medicine at The Rush Medical College Chicago, IL. He is the lead author of the study that we discussed a few days ago. The researchers demonstrated that the use of flavonols was associated with a reduced rate of cognitive decline. Let's discuss this study and the related topics that can help us all keep our brain health better as we age.

In this new study from the Rush University Medical Center Chicago, the researchers have demonstrated an association of reduced cognitive decline with the daily intake of flavonols. This was a prospective cohort study with 961 participants who were followed for 6.9 years. Let's review this study to identify food and fruits that can be valuable for our and our patient's cognitive abilities.

Association of Dietary Intake of Flavonols With Changes in Global Cognition and Several Cognitive Abilities | Neurology https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/11/22/WNL.0000000000201541#%20

Flavonoid - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid

Flavonols - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonols

Kaempferol - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol

Animal studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective role of methylene blue especially when administered within an hour of transient ischemic insult of the neurons. Methylene blue is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and induces autophagy while reducing apoptosis. Let's review its mechanisms.

Contraindications: https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_provayblue_methylene_blue/drugs-condition.htm

The Effects of Methylene Blue on Autophagy and Apoptosis in MRI-Defined Normal Tissue, Ischemic Penumbra and Ischemic Core | PLOS ONE https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0131929

AMPK - Legere Pharmaceuticals https://www.legerepharm.com/ampk/

Schematic illustration of the mTOR signaling pathway. AMPK indicates... | Download Scientific Diagram https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-illustration-of-the-mTOR-signaling-pathway-AMPK-indicates-AMP-activated_fig1_228089413

Model of the AMPK and mTOR signaling network in mammalian cells. AMPK... | Download Scientific Diagram https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Model-of-the-AMPK-and-mTOR-signaling-network-in-mammalian-cells-AMPK-inhibits-mTOR_fig1_221865491

Frontiers | Protection against neurodegeneration with low-dose methylene blue and near-infrared light https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2015.00179/full

Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation | Translational Neurodegeneration | Full Text https://translationalneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40035-020-00197-z

In this breakthrough study, the researchers have demonstrated how psychedelics can cross the neuronal cell membrane and act on the intracellular 5-HT2A receptors. The result of the binding to these receptors is the increase in arborization of the dendrites, leading to more complex neuronal connections. This, in turn, leads to rapid and lasting effects for neuroplasticity and psychoplasticity. Let's review this study.

Psychedelics promote neuroplasticity through the activation of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors
https://www.science.org/doi/epdf/10.1126/science.adf0435

Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079328/

Serotonergic Psychedelic - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/serotonergic-psychedelic

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lysergic-acid-diethylamide

Psilocybin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/psilocybin

Psilocybin - Alcohol and Drug Foundation
https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/psilocybin/

LSD - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD

Mescaline - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline

In this talk we will discuss the following topics:
Opioid receptor structure.
Second messenger system overview.
Desensitization: an immediate effect of opioid use on the receptors and the second messenger system.
Tolerance: days to a week after opioid use disorder the mechanism for sensitization to kick in.
Dependence: a need for opioid use due to severe pains leading to dependence. (See DSM-4 for an exhaustive diagnostic criteria)
Addiction and withdrawal: an addictive state. (See DSM-4 and DSM-5 for an exhaustive diagnostic criteria.)
Opioid receptor disposition.
Adaptation of intracellular signaling mechanism.
System level counteradaptation.
Differential tolerance development.

References:

Effects of Acute and Chronic Opiate Receptor Activation
Brunton, Laurence; Knollman, Bjorn; Hilal-Dandan, Randa. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition (Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics) (p. 1362). McGraw Hill LLC. Kindle Edition.

Receptor specificity of endogenous opioids and effects of receptor activation on neurons.
Brunton, Laurence; Knollman, Bjorn; Hilal-Dandan, Randa. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition (Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics) (p. 1358). McGraw Hill LLC. Kindle Edition.


FDA's recommendations for OUD:
Information about Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) | FDA
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/information-about-medication-assisted-treatment-mat

Diagnostic criteria for opioid use dependence and opioid use disorder
The ASAM National Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder – 2020 Focused Update
https://www.asam.org/quality-care/clinical-guidelines/national-practice-guideline?gclid=CjwKCAiAg9urBhB_EiwAgw88mZm1lh6sE-rLtgkJP3w3ij1KSUJ4PkKqNrISFpagDzlQbRitsIJFBhoCQJIQAvD_BwE

npg-jam-supplement.pdf
https://sitefinitystorage.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-production-blobs/docs/default-source/guidelines/npg-jam-supplement.pdf?sfvrsn=a00a52c2_2

Psychiatry Online | DSM Legacy
https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/dsmPreviousEditions

APA_DSM_Changes_from_DSM-IV-TR_-to_DSM-5.pdf
https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM_Changes_from_DSM-IV-TR_-to_DSM-5.pdf
 

Brown Sequard Syndrome This video presents the hemisection of the spinal cord. This lesion is also called Brown Seqard Syndrome.

This video presents the one of the degenerative disease of the brain - Parkinsonism.

Review This video presents the one of the degenerative disease of the brain - Parkinsonism.

This video presents Huntington's disease. A progressive, debilitating, neurodegenrative disease.

Watch all drbeen lectures at https://www.drbeen.com

[Errata: In the early part of the video, I wrote recurrent function instead of recurrent infections. Please keep this in mind while studying.]

*It is an insidious, progressive, degenerative disease of the neurons.
*Alzheimer's incidence is increasing in the developed nations.
*Alzheimer's disease is one of the most costly disease to manage. Continuous care is needed, recurrent infections, and dehydration are common.

Dr. Mobeen presents the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Following topics are discussed:
Anterolateral amnesia. (Loss of forming new memories.)
Speech disorders.
Mood imbalance.
Disruption of the executive functions of the brain. (Difficulty with decision making.)
Initiates at the Hippocampus.

Genes involved:
1-14 - Senilin
11 - SDLR1
21 - APP
19 - ApoE4

Alzheimer's can be early onset or late onset. Genes 19 and 21 are involved in the early onset Alzheimer's.

*Tau protein's role.
*Beta amyloid's pathologies. (A-Beta lipoprotein.)
*Role of alpha, beta, and gamma secretase.
*Formation of senile plaques due to the beta and gamma secretase action instead of alpha and beta secretase.
*Immune system activation due to the senile plaque formation.
*Destruction of the brain tissue due to the inflammatory reaction due to the senile plaques.
*Clogging of the neural synapses by the senile plaque proteins.
*Loss of cytoskeletal integrity due to the disruption of the Tau proteins.
*Disruption of the nutrients flow from the neuronal cell body to the axonal terminal.
*Formation of the Tau aggregates.
*ApoE-4 gene's role is discussed.
*Widening of the sulci and gyri as a result of the degeneration is presented.
*Role of increased load of the APP protein or the gene up regulation forming APP.
 

Watch all drbeen lectures at https://www.drbeen.com

[Errata: In the early part of the video, I wrote recurrent function instead of recurrent infections. Please keep this in mind while studying.]

*It is an insidious, progressive, degenerative disease of the neurons.
*Alzheimer's incidence is increasing in the developed nations.
*Alzheimer's disease is one of the most costly disease to manage. Continuous care is needed, recurrent infections, and dehydration are common.

Dr. Mobeen presents the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Following topics are discussed:
Anterolateral amnesia. (Loss of forming new memories.)
Speech disorders.
Mood imbalance.
Disruption of the executive functions of the brain. (Difficulty with decision making.)
Initiates at the Hippocampus.

Genes involved:
1-14 - Senilin
11 - SDLR1
21 - APP
19 - ApoE4

Alzheimer's can be early onset or late onset. Genes 19 and 21 are involved in the early onset Alzheimer's.

*Tau protein's role.
*Beta amyloid's pathologies. (A-Beta lipoprotein.)
*Role of alpha, beta, and gamma secretase.
*Formation of senile plaques due to the beta and gamma secretase action instead of alpha and beta secretase.
*Immune system activation due to the senile plaque formation.
*Destruction of the brain tissue due to the inflammatory reaction due to the senile plaques.
*Clogging of the neural synapses by the senile plaque proteins.
*Loss of cytoskeletal integrity due to the disruption of the Tau proteins.
*Disruption of the nutrients flow from the neuronal cell body to the axonal terminal.
*Formation of the Tau aggregates.
*ApoE-4 gene's role is discussed.
*Widening of the sulci and gyri as a result of the degeneration is presented.
*Role of increased load of the APP protein or the gene up regulation forming APP.
 

Hydrocephalus literally means water in head. It is the excessive accumulation of the fluids in the brain cavities. It can either be due to increased production (rare), reduced flow (common), or impaired reabsorption (less common).

Cerebrospinal fluid is a colorless fluid that fills the nervous system cavities. It acts as a protective cushion, and also is the vehicle for nutrient's exchange. 
Understanding the production, flow, drainage, and composition of the CSF is critical for a medical professional.

In this talk Dr. Mobeen presents the following topics:

• 1. The structures taking part in the formation of the blood-brain barrier
• 2. Production of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• 3. Circulation of CSF
• 5. The composition of CSF in the following events:
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Viral meningitis
  • Fungal meningitis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Trauma

Cerebrospinal fluid is a colorless fluid that fills the nervous system cavities. It acts as a protective cushion, and also is the vehicle for nutrient's exchange. 
Understanding the production, flow, drainage, and composition of the CSF is critical for a medical professional.

In this talk Dr. Mobeen presents the following topics:

• 1. The structures taking part in the formation of the blood-brain barrier
• 2. Production of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• 3. Circulation of CSF
• 5. The composition of CSF in the following events:
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Viral meningitis
  • Fungal meningitis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Trauma

Nervous system examination is crucial to identifying a type of lesion, its location, and its extent. Lower limb reflexes are an important part of this examination especially in a patient in coma. Dr. Mobeen discusses the foundations of lower limb examination in this webinar. Next part will present the clinical utility and lesion assessment based on the abnormal reflexes e.g. positive Babinski's sign (plantar reflex), or hyperreflexia vs. hyporeflexia etc.

Following topics are discussed:

• Neurology examination. How to differentiate between upper and lower motor neuron lesions?
• What is the difference between an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron?
• Overview of the corticospinal tract or pyramidal tract.
• What are spinal reflexes?
• What is a reflex arc?
• Components of a reflex arc.
• What is the role of the upper motor neurons in the spinal reflexes?

Next part will discuss the clinical correlation of the spinal reflex abnormalities.

Nervous system examination is crucial to identifying the type of lesion, its location, and its extent. Lower limb reflexes are an important part of this examination especially in a patient in coma. Dr. Mobeen discusses the foundations of lower limb examination in this webinar. Next part will present the clinical utility and lesion assessment based on the abnormal reflexes e.g. positive Babinski's sign (plantar reflex), or hyperreflexia vs. hyporeflexia etc.

This second part of the webinar discusses the following topics:

• Cause of hyperreflexia in a patient of upper motor neuron lesion.
• Cause of hypertonia in a patient of upper motor neuron lesion.
• Dysinhibition of the lower centers.
• Clonus
• When does atonia and flacidity occur?
• When will we see fasciculation and twitching in the muscle?
• When will we see muscle wasting?
• Denervation degeneration.
• Difference between the lower motor and upper motor neuron lesion.
• What is plantar reflex or babinski's sign?
• Role of the S1 spinal segment in plantar reflex.
• What does involvement of the L4 and L5 spinal segments do to plantar reflex?
• When is Babinski's sign is positive?
• What is tripe reflex in the lower limb?
• What does involvement of the L2 and L3 spinal segments do to the plantar reflex?

Following topics are discussed in the previous part:

• Neurology examination. How to differentiate between upper and lower motor neuron lesions?
• What is the difference between an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron?
• Overview of the corticospinal tract or pyramidal tract.
• What are spinal reflexes?
• What is a reflex arc?
• Components of a reflex arc.
• What is the role of the upper motor neurons in the spinal reflexes?

This video presents important cells of the nervous system with their function.

This video presents clinical concepts explaining the blood supply of the brain. These are important for practice and exams. 

Guys, this video abruptly stops at the posterior communicating artery rupture and the oculomotor nerve palsy ... To find the remaining part of this talk, watch the next video from the same point. Next video contains all the clinical aspects. Here is the link:

https://members.drbeen.com/view/vasculature-and-perfusion-of-the-brain/HJxfiMRO3gW

Dr. Syed discusses the following topics: internal Carotid and its branches: Ophthalmic Anterior Choroidal Middle Cerebral and Lenticulstriate Anterior Cerebral and Anterior Communicating posterior Communicating Verebrobasilar System Vertebral Arteries Anterior Spinal Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Basilar Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Pontine Superior Cerebellar Posterior Cerebellar High yield clinical presentations of the strokes involving these arteries.

This video presents the types of motor, sensory, and interneurons.

This video presents the representation of the body in various nuclei of the brain.

This talk presents the anatomy of the spine with following topics: The function of the spinal column. Parts of the spinal column. Number of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae. Anatomy of a vertebra. Parts of the vertebra including the processes and articular surfaces. Clinically important joints of the spinal column. A discussion of the facet joint, its pathologies, and management. Presentation of the intervertebral disc structure. A high level overview of the cervical spinal ligaments.

This video presents the principle tracts in the spinal cord and their anatomical arrangement.

This video presents the corticonuclear tract. This is an extrapyramidal tract that helps with motor activity.

This video presents the most important motor tract - the Pyramidal Tract or Corticospinal Tract.

This video presents the most important motor tract - the Pyramidal Tract or Corticospinal Tract.

This video presents one of the most important sensory tracts. The dorsal column or fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus.

In this anatomy lecture, Drbeen faculty Dr. Adam Jones discusses the descending tracts. They are the pathways by which motor impulses are sent from the brain to the lower motor neurons. This results in the lower motor neurons innervating muscles to produce movement. It is clinically important to understand these tracts when considering nerve lesions and bleeding. The following structural elements are presented and discussed.

The descending tracts
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
Pyramidal tracts
Extrapyramidal tracts
Corticospinal tracts
Corticobulbar tracts
Tectospinal tracts
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Decussation
Internal Capsula
Basal Ganglia
Corticospinal lesion
Hemiballismus

This video presents the lesions of the spinal cord.

Ventricles of the Brain are critical to understand well from clinical and USMLE point of views. One must know ventricles before a good grasp of the CSF, Meningitis, and some of the Degenerative diseases of the brain can be understood.

This video presents the structure, function, and neuronal loops of the Cerebellum.

Review This video presents the structure, function, and neuronal loops of the Cerebellum.

This video presents the neuroanatomy and neuropathology of the Basal Ganglia.

In this anatomy lecture, DrBeen faculty, Dr. Adam Jones discusses ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and the meninges.

Following structural elements are presented and discussed. 

1. Pterion

2. Frontal bone

3. Temporal bone

4. Parietal bone

5. Sphenoid bone

6. Extradural hemorrhage

7. Middle Meningeal Artery

8. Subdural hemorrhage

9. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

10. Dura mater

11. Arachnoid Mater

12. Pia mater

13. Lateral Ventricles

14. Foramen of Munro

15. Third Ventricle

16. Cerebral Aqueduct

17. Fourth Ventricle

18. Hydrocephalus

19. Foramen of Magendie

20. Foramen of Luschka

21. Subarachnoid space

22. Choroid plexus

23. Ependymal cells

In this anatomy lecture, Drbeen faculty, Dr. Adam Jones discusses the brachial plexus and potential peripheral nerve lesions.

The following structural elements are presented and discussed. 

Roots Trunks

Divisions Cords

Branches

Musculocutaneous nerve

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve

Long thoracic nerve

Anterior scalene muscle

Axillary artery

Deltoid muscle

Pec muscles

Biceps brachii

Coracobrachialis

Triceps

Clinical cases

Nerve Lesions

In this anatomy lecture, Drbeen faculty, Dr. Adam Jones discusses the basic structure of the skull.

The following structural elements are presented and discussed: 

1. Cranium

2. Facial skeleton

3. Frontal bone

4. Parietal bone

5. Temporal bone

6. Sphenoid bone

7. Coronal suture

8. Sagittal suture

9. Occipital bone

10. Foramen Magnum

11. Styloid process

12. Mastoid process

13. External occipital protuberance

14. External auditory meatus

15. Occipital condyles

16. Zygomatic arch

17. Zygomatic bone

18. Maxilla bone

19. Mandible

20. Lacrimal bone

21. Petrous part of the temporal bone

22. Squamous part of the temporal bone

23. Lamboid suture

24. Nasal septum

25. Nasal bone

In this anatomy lecture, Drbeen faculty, Dr. Adam Jones discusses the structure of the Spine, Vertebrae, and Ligaments. Dr. Jones explains the following:
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Spinous process 
5. Sacrum
6. Coccyx
7. Vertebral body
8. Transverse process
9. Vertebral canal
10. Vertebral foramen
11. Spinal cord
12. Intervertebral Foramen
13. Kyphosis
14. Scoliosis
15. Lordosis
16. Cauda Equina
17. Nerve roots
18. Interspinous ligament
19. Ligamentum nuchae
20. Supraspinous ligament 
21. Ligamentum flavum
22. Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
23. Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
24. Lumbar puncture 

In this anatomy lecture, Drbeen faculty, Dr. Adam Jones discusses the arterial
supply of the brain. The brain requires constant oxygenation and nutrition. 
Various artery structures supply the brain and spinal cord.  This video provides a step-by-step overview of the anatomy of this arterial
system alongside discussing the branches and courses. It is important for
healthcare professionals be aware of the arterial supply to the brain as
atherosclerosis, haematomas and other clinical problems can arise here.
The following structural elements are presented and discussed.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Subclavian artery
Common carotid artery 
Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Costocervical trunk
Dorsal scapular artery
Anterior scalene muscle
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Carotid Sinus
Thyroid Cartilage 
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Carotid canal
Foramen Lacerum
Sphenoid Bone
Ophthalmic artery
Optic Canal
Optic Chiasm
Vertebral artery
Foramen Transverasium
Basillar artery
Anterior cerebellar artery
Middle cerebellar artery
Posterior cerebellar artery 
Anterior communicating artery
Posterior communicating artery

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

Let's review the anatomy and neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system parts. Understanding this system is crucial given the long COVID involving ANS.

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.

Reference:
PhD, John E. Hall; Michael E. Hall MD MSc. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition (p. 721). Kindle Edition. 

Definition
The autonomic nervous system is the portion of the nervous system that controls most visceral functions of the body. This system helps to control arterial pressure, gastrointestinal  motility, gastrointestinal secretion, urinary bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and many other activities.  Some of these activities are controlled almost entirely and some only partially by the autonomic nervous system. 

Lippincott's pharmacology: Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system

Functions of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Will You Spit on a Lion?

Let's review the anatomy and neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system parts. Understanding this system is crucial given the long COVID involving ANS.

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.

Reference:
PhD, John E. Hall; Michael E. Hall MD MSc. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition (p. 721). Kindle Edition. 

Definition
The autonomic nervous system is the portion of the nervous system that controls most visceral functions of the body. This system helps to control arterial pressure, gastrointestinal motility, gastrointestinal secretion, urinary bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and many other activities.  Some of these activities are controlled almost entirely and some only partially by the autonomic nervous system. 

Lippincott's pharmacology: Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system

Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X) - An Important Part of Autonomic Nervous System

As we continue our discussion of the autonomic nervous system, let's review the most important part of the ANS. The Vagus Nerve. 

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.

URL list from Tuesday, Feb. 22 2022 17:07 PM

Vagus nerve - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve

Baroreceptor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreceptor#:~:text=Baroreceptors%20(or%20archaically%2C%20pressoreceptors),blood%20pressure%20can%20be%20maintained.

Pharyngeal arch - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch

Book reference: Essentials Neuroscience - 3rd Edition page 222

Cranial nerve clinical cases.

This lecture presents the developmental stages of the brain.
Some of the topics covered are:
Amniotic cavity, epiblast, hypoblast, yolk sac.
Primitive Streak, Primitive Node
Notochord
Neurulation
Bilaminar germ disc
Trileminar germ disc
Neural plate
Neural fold
Neural clefts
Neuropore
Significance and mechanism of the presence of alpha feto proteins in the amniotic fluid.
Mesoderm development.
Somites
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

This video presents the high yield concepts for the development of the spinal cord. 
Following topics are discussed:
Neuropores, their closure, pathologies when the neuropores do not close.
How to find out if the neuropores are not closed?
Structures arising from the neural tube and neural crest cells.
Roof plate.
Floor plate.
Basal plates.
Alar plates.
Intermediate plate.
Sulcus limitans.
Gray matter formation.
Dorsal, intermediolateral, and ventral horn formation.
Formation of the spinal tracts.
Formation of the spinal nerves.
Autonomic Nervous System formation.
White ramus and gray ramus formation.
Parasympathetic system formation.
Origin of the chromaffin cells, supra-renal formation, etc.
Origin of the lining of the central canal.

This video presents the congenital abonormalities of the CNS.