Dr. Mobeen presents diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus. Fasting, random, and post prandial blood glucose levels for normal, pre-diabetes, and diabetes are presented. Glucose tolerance test is presented. Hemoglobin A1 C levels are discussed.

Following topics are discussed:

• Elevated irine glucose levels. Why these are less reliable for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?
  • SGLT2 gene abnormalities leading to increased urine glucose without diabetes mellitus.
  • Fanconi syndrome leading to increase urine glucose without diabetes mellitus.
  • Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during pregnancy leading to glucose in urine without diabetes mellitus.
• Urine and blood ketone levels.
• Serum glucose levels vs., blood glucose levels.
• Capillary blood glucose measurement method.
• Devices to measure blood glucose levels including:
  • External sensors.
  • Artificial pancrease.
  • Others.