This video presents following topics about tuberculosis: Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Primary Tuberculosis Morphology Clinical

In this video we present the following topics:

• Definition of Asthma 
• Triad of Events 
• Types Pathogenesis 
• Role of allergens
• Role of Mast cells, T Cells, and B cells.
• Role of eosinophils, and neutrophils.
• Role of IL4, IL5, and other cytokines.
• Role of various chemokines.
• Airway Remodeling 
• Clinical Aspects

This video presents following topics about the typical pneumonia: Definition Onset and Risk Factors Presentation Clinical Findings Pathogenesis Stages X-Ray findings Histopathology Complications

This video presents following topic Epidemiology Risk Factors Size and Consequences Clinical (Saddle vs Small) Labs Diagnosis A-a Gradient Change Hypocapnia

We will discuss the foundational concepts that lead to the obstructive pulmonary diseases. Following topics are discussed:

• Diseases that are classified as obstructive pulmonary diseases.
• Anatomical and physiological functions.
• Airway structure.
• Parts of the airway that are involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
• Pathology of chronic bronchitis.
• Pathology of emphysema.
• Pathology of bronchiolitis.
• Definition of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
• COPD vs. Asthma
• How smoke and pollutants cause damage to large and small airways.
• Immune system and obstructive diseases.
• Protease and anti-protease imbalance. We will discuss acquired and genetic deficiencies of protease inhibitors, for example, alpha-1 antitrypsin.
• Oxidant and anti-oxidant imbalance.

This video presents Bronchiectasis a type of obstructive lung disease. Bronchiectasis is irreversible, chronic, dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to or associated with the chronic infectious disease process.

This video presents the introduction to the restrictive lung diseases We will discuss: 
Definition

• Types 
  • Extrapulmonary restrictive lung diseases
    • Obesity
    • Scoliosis
  • Pulmonary parenchymal restrictive lung diseases
    • Idiopathic
    • Autoimmune
    • Granulomatous (Wagner's granulomatosis, Sarcoidosis)
    • Occupational (pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, coal, etc.)
    • Other irritants
    • Chronic infections (Tuberculosis)
  • Neuromuscular restrictive lung diseases
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • Diaphragm issues
    • Polio

Cellular events/pathogenesis

• Damaged Type I Pneumocytes
• Hypertrophy of Type II Pneumocytes
• Irritated epithelium
• Irritated macrophages
• Apoptosis of epithelium
• Tissue damage leading to local inflammation and lung destruction/scaring.
• Neutrophils releasing cytokines, proteases, tumor growth factors (TGF)
• Macrophages releasing transforming growth factor beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), platelet activation factor.
• Fibroblasts overactivity resulting in more extracellular matrix and hardening.
• Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation.
• Smooth muscle proliferation.
• Respiratory interface thickening. Disrupted gaseous exchange.

Clinical Presentation

• Dry hacking cough
• Dyspnea
• Hypoxia
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Late inspiratory crackles

Abnormal chest X-Ray

• Reduced volume in chest X-Ray
• Lower lobes show more involvement and the reason why.
• Right heart failure/cor pulmonale 

Lung Function Changes

• FEV1/FVC ratio increases > 80% (normal or above normal)

Treatment

• Anti-inflammatory (may not be very effective)
• TGF Beta-blockers
• Oxygen
• Lung transplant

This video presents following topics about tuberculosis: Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Primary Tuberculosis Morphology Clinical

This video presents following topics about tuberculosis: Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Secondary Tuberculosis Morphology Clinical

This video presents Cystic Fibrosis a type of obstructive lung disease. Following topics are discussed: Definition Causes CFTR gene mutation and the sweat glands CFTR gene mutation and the pulmonary issues

This video is part of the series of videos discussing restrictive lung diseases. 
We will discuss hypersensitivity pneumonitis in this talk.

• Definition
  • Alveolitis due to inhaled external allergens. 
  • Involves smaller airways and the respiratory zones instead of the large airways.
• The difference of this disease from asthma.
  • This is a mixture of type III and type IV allergies.
• Pathophysiology of the hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  • Macrophages
  • Allergen presentation to T and B cells in the lymph nodes.
  • Interleukins released.
• Phases
  • Acute and Chronic.
  • Role of neutrophils and T cells in the acute phase.
  • Granuloma formation in the chronic phase.
  • Why hypersensitivity pneumonitis is also classified as a granulomatous disease.
  • IL4, IL5, IL12, C5a
• Scarring of the respiratory zones.
• Clinical Presentation
  • Fever, dyspnea, cough, lethargy, malaise, restrictive lung disease.
  • FEV1 reduced
  • FEV1/FVC increased due to increased elasticity and rapid expulsion.
  • Monday morning blues experienced by the patients.
• Industries/tasks that can cause this disease
  • Fungi and bacteria from farming work - farmers lungs. 
  • Micropolyspora fanny and bagassosis. 
  • Thermophilic actinomycetes.Cheese workers - moldy cheese. 
  • Penicillium casey.
  • Miller's lungs. 
  • Dusty grain.Animal products, pigeon breeder's lungs. 
  • Pigeon droppings have pigeon serum proteins.
  • Other chemical industry workers.

This video presents a group of restrictive lung diseases called pneumoconiosis We will discuss: What diseases are part of this group Definition of the pneumoconiosis Non-neoplastic characteristics of these diseases Coal workers lungs Silicosis Asbestosis A brief mention of brylliosis

Sarcoidosis is discussed as part of restrictive lung diseases We will cover: Connection of Sarcoidosis with respiratory system Definition Pathogenesis Organs involved Clinical

We will present pneumonia classification based on: Clinical types i.e. acute, fulminent, and chronic Histological patterns and tissue involved Anatomical types based on the lugn lobes invovled And clinical settings for example community acquired or nosocomial pneumonia

This video presents following topics about the Atypical pneumonia: Definition Onset and Risk Factors Presentation Clinical Findings Pathogenesis X-Ray findings Following pathogens are disucssed: Mycoplasma Coxiella Burnetti Chlamoydophila Pneumoniae Influence A,B,C Rhinovirus Coronavirus Rubella Adenovirus Vericella

This video presents following topics: Nosocomial Pneumniae Aspiration Pneumonia Chronic Pneumonae

This video presents following topics: Causes Complications Clinical approach

This video presents following topics about lung tumors: Epidemiology Classification Pathogenesis Metastasis sites Histopathology Paraneoplastic Syndrome Clinical points

This video presents following topic COPD Definition CB Definition CB vs Bronchiolitis CB vs Emphysema Pathogenesis of Ch. Bronchitis Clinical Findings of Ch. Bronchitis Treatment of Ch. Bronchitis

This video presents following topic Definition of Emphysema COPD vs Asthma Ch. Bronchitis vs Emphysema Emphysema: Types Pathogenesis Clinica/Dx Pure Emphysema COPD

This video presents following topics: Definition of a thrombus DVT and Pulmonary Embolism Veins affected by the DVT Pathogenesis Tests Homan Sign Troussau Sign Treatment

This video presents following topic Meaning of Atelectasis Definition Types Pathogenesis and Etiology Clinical Diagnosis Treatment Overview